summary anatomy physiology

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY for Nursing Students

Summary: Drs. H Syaifuddin, AMK

By : Merinsa Chorry Hartono

NIM : 15010101009

 

SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN RS ANWAR MEDIKA

DIPLOMA 3 PROGRAM

MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST

DECEMBER 2015

LIST of CONTENTS

Chapter 1

Introduction of Human Anatomy and Physiology...................................................3

Chapter 2

Human Skeleton system.......................................................................................7

Chapter 3

Muscular system.................................................................................................11

Chapter 4

Digestive System..................................................................................................

Chapter 5

Respiratory System..............................................................................................

Chapter 6

Metabolism and Classification of Foodstuffs.....................................................

Chapter 7

Endocrine System...............................................................................................

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

UNDERSTANDING OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

·      Anatomy

Anatomy derived from the Greek Language, consisting of “ ana”, which means to seperate or to parse, and “Tomos” which means to cut. So, Anatomy is the science of study about  the pieces of the parts from the body.

·      Physiology

Physiology is the science of study about faal, the function or the workings of each the tissue of body or the parts of the body tools.

·      Anatomy Physiology

Anatomy Physiology is the science of study about the parts of the body and the function of the parts of the body tools.

GENERAL TERMS ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

In Medical science and nursing are used unity language for declare about the name of disease  and the name of the body tools in Latin language.

·         Adjectives to express direction

Anterior                  : To the front direction

Posteror                  : To the back direction

Inferior                   : To the bottom direction

Superior                  : To the above direction

Proximal                 : To the far direction with the body

Distal                      : To the near direction with the body

·         Direction of activition

Abduksio                : To esterange from the body

Adduksio               : To approtimate from the body

Ekstensio                : To straighten

Flexio                     : To plait

Rotatio                   : To whirl movement

Sirkumdaxio           : To Circular movement

HOMEOSTASIS

Physiology setting is used for return to normal condition, if happen of distrubance. Characteristic setting is done by kidney and respiration.

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BODY

Cell is the smallest parts of the organism (human) which only can be looked with microscop. Tissue is the collection of the cells that similiar of form, measure, and similiar of job. Organs is the collection of tissue that be one and has a special function. Formation of body (Organism) is the collection of organs that has a job. Consist of :

-          The structure of skeleton

-          The structure of myology system

-          The structure of nervous system

-          The structure of respiration system

-          The structure of digestive system

-          The structure of endocrine system

-          The structure of urine system

-          The structure of skin

-          The structure of blood circulation

-          The five senses

The structure of cell, the parts of cell are :

1.      Wall of cell, is the membrane of cell that slight to protect/save the inside parts of cell. The function of cell wall is giving way to enter or to leave of the substances are neeeded or are’nt needed.

2.      Protoplasm is the body of cell that consist from the liquid of thick. Protoplasm also called sitoplasm, because the inside of sitoplasm is consist the smallest parts of cells, the example centriol, vacuola, mitocondria, golgi apparatus.

3.      Nucleus, the location of nucleus in gthe middle of cell. The nucleus is the chemical activity center, the function to regulate of growth, to bloom, and to fission of cell. The inside of nucleus is exist the child of core (nucleolus).

Functional of cell system

a.      Difussion, pass through of pores (matrics of membrane)

b.      Active transport, is the special porter substance from membrane to all of the cell parts.

c.       Endocitocis, is divided by 2, fagosytosit to eat of big particels become more than small. Pinosytosit to drink of liquid from the outer of cell.

The base tissue of body

The tissue is is the collection of the cells that similiar of form, measure, and similiar of job. The kinds of tissue are :

1.      The cover tissue, the function to cover and to protect the outside part of body and the inside part of body, is divided by 2 are the epitel tissue and the endotel tissue.

2.      The support tissue, the function to kick and to prop up the body structure in surroundings body. The support of tissue is divided by 3 are the string tissue, the cartilago tissue, and the bone tissue.

3.      The muscle tissue, the function to tie fibrous parts of muscle, to wrap and to protect the muscles.

4.      The nerve tissue, is consist from nerve cell that lenght and smooth, have the core of cell inside protoplasm. The form of nerve cell like s star, and have a long tail.

5.      The liquid tissue (blood) is to fill the body with blood (eritrocyt, leucocyt, and trombocyt). The body is consist 70% the liquid tissue. The function of blood is to circulate an essence of food to all of the body.

CHAPTER 2

HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM

Frame composition containing an array of various kinds of bones which amount about 206 pieces and relate to one another. Bone consists of skull bones, face bones, ear bones, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, upper extremity bones and lower extremity bones.

·      Function of framework:
1. Retaining / supporting body
2. Protect soft organs. Like the brain, heart and lungs
3. The place to adhere of muscles
4. The place to manufacture of blood cells, especially red blood cells
5. Give shape to the body
6. As a tool of passive movement

BONES

1.    Skull bones

Skull bones is formed by a curved shape, the bones of the skull are closely related, consists of brain skull and face skull. Brain skull consisting of bones connected to each other by corona suture, the amount 8 pieces and consists of 3 parts: the dome of the skull, the skull base and sides of the skull. Face skull is smaller than the skull shape of the brain, in which there are cavities that form the oral cavity, nasal cavity and eye cavity.

	SKULL BONES                                  CHEST BONES

 

2.    Chest framework

Chest framework formed by the arrangement of the bones that protect the chest cavity consisting of the sternum (1 piece), costa (12 pairs) and thoracic (12 segments). The sternum milestone front wall of the thorax, flattened and slightly flared shape. The sternum consists of three parts, namely manubrium sterni, corpus sterni and xiphoid processes. The front of the costa relate with the sternum and cartilage. The back of costa relate with the thoracic vertebrae intermediate segment joints. The ribs are divided by three, namely the true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs. The thoracic are connected by cartilage called discs vertebrae, so can upright and bend. The middle part vertebrae there is a canal called the spinal canal. The thoracic consists of vertebrae cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, the sacral vertebra and vertebra Coccyxialis. Pelvic bones is the link between the body bone and the lower limb bones are the sacrum and coccyx. Pelvic bones are jointed with each other at the pubic symphysis.

 

3.         The framework of the upper extremity

The framework of the upper extremity are associated with an intermediary entity framework with shoulder girdle consisting of the scapula and clavicle. Bones that form the skeleton of the arm, including shoulder girdle (scapula and clavicle), humerus, ulna and radius, carpal, metacarpal and phalanges.

4.         The framework of the lower extremity

The framework of lower extremity are associated to a torso with intermediaries pelvic bones. The lower extremity bone consists of Cosca, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsal, metatarsal and phalanges. The function of lower extremity are locomotion, carry weight of entire erect body, support, points muscular attachments.

 

The joint

The joint is an organ that connects one bone to another bone, so that the skeleton can be moved. Artology is the study of the the joint. The joint are divided by three, namely: Sinartrosis joints (joints dead), amfiartrosis (joints with limited movement), and diartrosis (joints that have free movement). Sinartrosis joints (joints that can’t be moved) are in two joints, namely on the skull (sutures corona) and sternum (sincondrosis). Amfiartrosis joints (joints that limited movement) contained in three joints, namely the simpisis pubis, sindesmosis, and gomposis. Diartrosis joints (joints that free movement) are found on the body, the hinge joints (the knees and elbows), joint bullets (scapula), gliding joints (ankles and palms), saddle joints (palms).

 

CHAPTER 3

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

 

MUSCLE

The function of muscle :

• As a movement.
• As the support of the body and maintaining posture.
• A place produce heat in the body.
• As a tool of active movement.

Muscle is an organ / instrument that allows the body can move. The muscles  are also called the active moving instrument, and moving is one of the characteristics of organism. In the cell, there is cytoplasm which is fine threads long called myofibrils. If the muscle cells receives a stimulation, so that the myofibrils will be shortened to a certain direction (contracts).

In outline, muscle cells were divided into 3 groups: motority muscle (striated muscle) is commonly called transverse muscle fibers, because inside it protoplasm is has transverse lines. The muscles attached to the skeleton, so it is called skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle work consciously (voluntary), and the movement is very fast. The autonomous muscle is also called smooth muscle because it protoplasm is slippery and do not have any transverse lines. Commonly found in smooth muscle in internal organs, such as the ventricles, intestines, blood vessels and others. Smooth muscle works unconsciously (involuntary), because the smooth muscle receives stimulation from the autonomic nervous. The heart muscle has fibers of transverse line and branch on the cell protoplasm. The heart muscle moves unconsciously (involuntary), because the heart muscle gets stimulation from the autonomic nervous. It is located in the heart muscle that has its own task.

Ø According to the location, muscles are divided by several categories:

1.      Head and neck mucle

The muscles of the head are divided by five parts, namely the head of the shoulder muscles that functions to form gales aponeurotika, facial muscles, muscles of the mouth, chewing muscles, and muscles of the tongue. While, the muscles of the neck is divided into 3 parts, namely platisma muscle, sternocleidomastoid muscle and muscle longisimus capitis.

                                     

2.